Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the most important greenhouse gas. Driven by human activities, its concentration in the atmosphere is increasing and is now about 50 % higher than in preindustrial times. 

Methane (CH₄) is the second most important greenhouse gas influenced directly by human activities. Approximately 60 % of current emissions are of human origin. Its concentration in the atmosphere is increasing and has more than doubled since preindustrial times. 

Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment in phytoplankton and is widely used as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass. Measuring chlorophyll a from seawater, together with satellite-derived chlorophyll a observations, allows local plankton productivity to be linked to broader seasonal patterns at the ENA site. 

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a reactive gas produced mainly due to incomplete combustion. It plays a major role in atmospheric chemistry, and can be used as a tracer for polluted air masses.  

The determination of Eddy covariance provides information on atmospheric stability, intenisty of local mixing and mixing height.

Gamma radiation in the air close to the ground comes mainly from the natural radioactivity in the ground. This radioactivity consists mainly of uranium and thorium and their decay products, and potassium-40, a naturally occurring very long-lived radionuclide. It originated from the primordial material that formed the Solar System, including the Earth. Another important component contributing to the gamma radiation is the cosmic radiation. Smaller contributors are natural and artificial radionuclides in the air and deposited to the ground. 

Ambient dose equivalent

The measurement of ozone (O₃) provides information on air quality and pollution levels, atmospheric composition and long-range transport.

Particulate matter in air can be present as particles of different size and composition. Their origin is diverse, stemming for example from anthropogenic sources such as fires and industrial emissions.

pH and total alkalinity are measured to constrain the marine carbonate chemistry system. Together, they allow the calculation of dissolved CO₂ concentrations and other related carbonate parameters. These measurements help determine how seawater chemistry responds to increasing atmospheric CO₂ and how its variability may affect plankton communities and vice versa. 

Microphytoplankton samples are used to identify the main plankton groups responsible for primary production. This helps determine not only how much phytoplankton biomass is present, but also which organisms are producing it. Community composition is important because different phytoplankton groups differ in growth, nutrient demand, and greenhouse-gas-related processes. 

Coccolithophores are calcifying phytoplankton that produce calcium carbonate plates. At the ENA station, they can become particularly important during summer. While they contribute to organic carbon production through photosynthesis, the calcification process involved in plate formation releases CO₂. Coccolithophores are therefore directly relevant to seasonal carbonate chemistry and CO₂ dynamics at the ENA site. 

Marine bacteria interact closely with phytoplankton communities. They degrade organic matter, recycle nutrients and can influence the production or consumption of compounds linked to greenhouse gases. 16S RNA measurements therefore help connect phytoplankton production with microbial diversity which regulates degradation processes and the formation of climate-relevant precursors such as dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). 

Precipitation is responsible for atmospheric washout and can remove particles and gases from the atmosphere.

The recording of pressure is important because mesurements affected by pressure changes might need correction. Also, it serves as an indicator of changing weather conditions influencing environmental processes.

Radon-222 is a naturally occurring, radioactive, noble gas. Derived from the Uranium-238 decay chain, its sources are primarily terrestrial, and it is transported and mixed in the atmosphere like other gases. Its half-life (3.8 days) is long compared with mixing timescales in the boundary layer, but comparable with timescales of synoptic processes. Consequently, radon is a convenient and unambiguous tracer of terrestrial influence in atmospheric mixing and transport studies. Since most significant sources of anthropogenic pollution are also land-based, radon observations in remote locations provide an indication of the "potential" of an airmass to be polluted. 

Temperature recordings can contribute to the correction of measurements affected by temperature changes and as an indicator of thermal conditions influencing atmospheric stability and gas transport.

Wind measurements can provide information on atmospheric mixing, air mass origin and air mass transport direction.